Skip to content

Car Database

Iconic cars, wild test mules, who owns whom.

Dymaxion car

Dymaxion Corporation · 1933

A three-wheeled teardrop that steered with its single rear wheel; only three were built.

Volvo Venus Bilo

Volvo · 1933

A streamlined 1930s Volvo study that pointed the way to the PV36 Carioca.

Buick Y-Job

Buick (General Motors) · 1938

Widely considered the car industry's first concept car. Harley Earl used it as his personal daily driver.

Phantom Corsair

Rust Heinz (one-off) · 1938

A one-off six-seater built by a Heinz ketchup heir, with push-button doors and no door handles.

General Motors Le Sabre

General Motors · 1951

A rain sensor raised its soft top automatically, and Harley Earl drove it as his own car.

Alfa Romeo BAT

Alfa Romeo / Bertone · 1953

BAT stands for Berlinetta Aerodinamica Tecnica: three aerodynamic studies (BAT 5, 7 and 9) with dramatic curved tail fins.

Fiat Turbina

Fiat · 1954

Italy's first gas-turbine car; its drag coefficient of 0.14 stood as a record for decades.

Ford FX-Atmos

Ford · 1954

A jet-age show car with a clear bubble canopy, shown at the 1954 Chicago Auto Show.

Pontiac Bonneville Special

Pontiac (General Motors) · 1954

A fibreglass two-seater with a bubble canopy, built for GM's 1954 Motorama show.

Lincoln Futura

Lincoln (Ford) / Ghia · 1955

George Barris turned it into the Batmobile for the 1966 Batman TV series.

Pontiac Club de Mer

Pontiac (General Motors) · 1956

A low two-seater with twin bubble windscreens, built for GM's 1956 Motorama show.

Ford Nucleon

Ford · 1958

Meant to be powered by a small nuclear reactor in the back. Only a scale model was ever built.

Cadillac Cyclone

Cadillac (General Motors) · 1959

Radar units in its nose cones were meant to warn the driver of obstacles ahead.

Plymouth XNR

Plymouth (Chrysler) / Ghia · 1960

Deliberately asymmetric: a long hump runs over the driver's side only.

Chevrolet Mako Shark

Chevrolet (General Motors) · 1961

Painted to fade from blue to white like a shark, it previewed the 1963 Corvette Sting Ray.

Chevrolet Corvair Monza GT

Chevrolet (General Motors) · 1962

A mid-engined coupé built on Corvair parts, with a canopy instead of conventional doors.

Ford Mustang I

Ford · 1962

A mid-engined two-seater that first carried the Mustang name, yet looks nothing like the production car.

Chevrolet Testudo

Bertone (Chevrolet Corvair base) · 1963

Designed by a young Giorgetto Giugiaro at Bertone on a Chevrolet Corvair chassis.

Chrysler Turbine Car

Chrysler / Ghia · 1963

Gas-turbine powered; Chrysler lent them to ordinary families for road testing, then destroyed most of them.

GM-X Stiletto

General Motors · 1964

A fighter-jet-inspired two-seater from GM's Futurama show at the 1964 New York World's Fair.

Vauxhall XVR

Vauxhall (General Motors) · 1966

A low, wedge-shaped two-seater: Vauxhall's first true dream car.

Bertone Pirana

Bertone / Jaguar · 1967

Built on Jaguar E-Type mechanicals for a British newspaper's motor show stand.

Dodge Deora

Alexander Brothers (Dodge A100 base) · 1967

A custom Dodge A100 pickup you enter through the front. It became one of the first Hot Wheels cars in 1968.

Lamborghini Marzal

Lamborghini / Bertone · 1967

Almost fully glazed gullwing doors and a straight-six made from half of Lamborghini's V12.

Alfa Romeo Carabo

Alfa Romeo / Bertone · 1968

Named after the Carabus beetle. Its wedge shape and scissor doors pointed straight at the Lamborghini Countach.

Bizzarrini Manta

Italdesign / Bizzarrini · 1968

Giugiaro's first car at Italdesign, with three seats side by side and the driver in the middle.

Alfa Romeo Iguana

Alfa Romeo / Italdesign · 1969

Built on the Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale chassis, with a brushed stainless-steel body.

Holden Hurricane

Holden (General Motors) · 1969

Australia's mid-engined dream car, with a canopy roof and an early route-finding system.

Mercedes-Benz C111

Mercedes-Benz · 1969

An experimental test bed that ran Wankel rotary engines, then diesel engines that set speed records in the late 1970s.

AMC AMX/3

American Motors (AMC) · 1970

A mid-engined American supercar developed with Giotto Bizzarrini; only a handful were built.

Ferrari Modulo

Pininfarina (Ferrari 512 S base) · 1970

There are no doors: the whole canopy slides forward to let you in.

Lancia Stratos Zero

Bertone (Lancia) · 1970

It is only about 84 cm (33 in) tall, and you get in through the hinged windscreen.

Mazda RX-500

Mazda · 1970

A mid-engined rotary study whose tail lights changed colour to show if it was speeding up or braking.

Vauxhall SRV

Vauxhall (General Motors) · 1970

A mid-engined 'Styling Research Vehicle' that hid four doors inside its low wedge.

BMW Turbo

BMW · 1972

A gullwing safety-research concept shown for the 1972 Munich Olympics. Its ideas returned in the BMW M1.

Maserati Boomerang

Maserati / Italdesign · 1972

The steering wheel rim turned around a fixed hub that held all the gauges.

Chevrolet Aerovette

Chevrolet · 1973

A mid-engined Corvette that nearly reached production in the 1970s. The mid-engined Corvette finally arrived with the C8.

Lamborghini Bravo

Lamborghini / Bertone · 1974

A compact Bertone wedge on Urraco mechanicals, intended as an Urraco replacement.

Maserati Medici

Maserati / Italdesign · 1974

A large four-door Maserati saloon study by Italdesign.

Lancia Sibilo

Lancia / Bertone · 1978

Built on Stratos mechanicals, with windows that flow into the bodywork without a visible frame.

Aston Martin Bulldog

Aston Martin · 1980

Built to reach 200 mph. It only managed that decades later, after a full restoration.

Citroën Karin

Citroën · 1980

A pyramid-shaped car with three seats in a row and the driver in the middle.

Ferrari Pinin

Ferrari / Pininfarina · 1980

A four-door Ferrari saloon with a flat-12, made for Pininfarina's 50th anniversary.

Lamborghini Athon

Lamborghini / Bertone · 1980

An open two-seater shown at Turin in 1980, while Lamborghini itself was close to bankruptcy.

Lotus Etna

Lotus / Italdesign · 1984

A Giugiaro-designed supercar planned around a new Lotus V8. It never reached production.

Nissan MID4

Nissan · 1985

Mid-engined, four-wheel drive and four-wheel steering: a Japanese supercar Nissan never built.

Oldsmobile Aerotech

Oldsmobile (General Motors) · 1987

A. J. Foyt drove it to a closed-course speed record of about 257 mph (414 km/h) in 1987.

Bertone Genesis

Bertone / Lamborghini · 1988

A people carrier with a Lamborghini Countach V12 under the bonnet.

Italdesign Aztec

Italdesign · 1988

Driver and passenger sit in two separate cockpits, each with its own windscreen.

Porsche 989

Porsche · 1988

A four-door Porsche saloon, cancelled in 1991, long before the Panamera.

Ferrari Mythos

Ferrari / Pininfarina · 1989

An open two-seater on Testarossa mechanicals, shown at the 1989 Tokyo Motor Show.

Audi Avus quattro

Audi · 1991

Its mirror-polished aluminium body previewed Audi's aluminium cars; the W12 engine was a mock-up.

Mercedes-Benz C112

Mercedes-Benz · 1991

A gullwing supercar with active aerodynamics; hundreds of buyers wanted one, but it was never built.

BMW Nazca C2

Italdesign / BMW · 1992

Italdesign's carbon-bodied supercar study with a BMW V12.

Renault Zoom

Renault · 1992

An electric two-seat city car whose rear wheels could fold in to make it shorter for parking.

Bugatti EB 112

Bugatti / Italdesign · 1993

A four-door Bugatti with a V12, shown at Geneva in 1993.

Renault Racoon

Renault · 1993

An amphibious off-roader that could drive straight into water.

Chrysler Atlantic

Chrysler · 1995

A modern take on the Bugatti Type 57 Atlantic, with a straight-eight engine.

Ford GT90

Ford · 1995

A quad-turbo V12 with a claimed 720 hp. Its 'New Edge' styling shaped Ford design in the late '90s.

Lamborghini Calà

Lamborghini / Italdesign · 1995

A V10 four-seater study, years before Lamborghini's V10 Gallardo.

Alfa Romeo Nuvola

Alfa Romeo · 1996

A retro-styled coupé whose chassis was designed to take different bodies.

Alfa Romeo Scighera

Alfa Romeo / Italdesign · 1997

A four-wheel-drive, twin-turbo V6 coupé built by Italdesign.

Dodge Copperhead

Dodge (Chrysler) · 1997

A smaller, cheaper sports car meant to sit below the Viper.

Volkswagen W12

Volkswagen / Italdesign · 1997

The W12 Nardo version set a 24-hour world record in 2002, averaging more than 320 km/h.

Bugatti EB 118

Bugatti / Italdesign · 1998

The first Bugatti under Volkswagen ownership, with a W18 engine.

Bentley Hunaudières

Bentley · 1999

A mid-engined W16 coupé; the engine idea later went into the Bugatti Veyron.

Bugatti 18/3 Chiron

Bugatti / Italdesign · 1999

One of the W18 concepts that led to the Veyron.

Cadillac Evoq

Cadillac (General Motors) · 1999

Previewed the Cadillac XLR roadster and the brand's sharp-edged new style.

Ford 021C

Ford · 1999

A pastel city car by industrial designer Marc Newson rather than a car designer.

Audi Rosemeyer

Audi · 2000

Named after the pre-war Auto Union racer Bernd Rosemeyer, with a W16 engine under the silver skin.

Volkswagen 1-litre car

Volkswagen · 2002

Built to use one litre of fuel per 100 km; the idea led to the VW XL1.

Cadillac Sixteen

Cadillac · 2003

A 13.6-litre V16 rated at 1,000 hp, a nod to Cadillac's V-16 cars of the 1930s.

Chrysler ME Four-Twelve

Chrysler · 2004

Four turbos and twelve cylinders: an AMG-sourced 6.0-litre V12 with a claimed 850 hp.

Peugeot Quark

Peugeot · 2004

A fuel-cell quad bike with an electric motor in each wheel.

Rolls-Royce 100EX

Rolls-Royce · 2004

A V16 convertible for Rolls-Royce's centenary that led to the Phantom Drophead Coupé.

Volvo YCC

Volvo · 2004

'Your Concept Car' was designed by a team of women at Volvo; even the oil check was left to the dealer.

Ford Shelby GR-1

Ford · 2005

A polished-aluminium coupé built on Ford GT mechanicals.

Holden Efijy

Holden (General Motors) · 2005

A modern custom car based on the 1953 Holden FJ.

Maserati Birdcage 75th

Maserati / Pininfarina · 2005

Built for Pininfarina's 75th anniversary on Maserati MC12 mechanicals.

Peugeot Moovie

Peugeot · 2005

A two-seat electric pod that came out of a Peugeot design contest.

Toyota i-unit

Toyota · 2005

A one-seat electric pod that sat upright in town and leaned back for speed.

Mazda Nagare

Mazda · 2006

Started Mazda's 'flow' design theme, with ripples cut into its sides.

Saab Aero-X

Saab · 2006

Instead of doors it has a canopy that slides forward over the nose.

Mazda Taiki

Mazda · 2007

Part of Mazda's Nagare series; its shape was inspired by flowing air.

Toyota FT-HS

Toyota · 2007

A front-engined hybrid sports concept that was widely read as a hint of a new Supra.

BMW GINA

BMW · 2008

Its skin is fabric stretched over a movable metal frame, so the body can change shape.

GT by Citroën

Citroën · 2008

Created for the Gran Turismo video game, then built for real.

Lamborghini Estoque

Lamborghini · 2008

A four-door Lamborghini saloon with a front-mounted V10.

Mazda Furai

Mazda · 2008

A race-car-based rotary concept that was later destroyed by fire during a Top Gear photo shoot.

Bertone Mantide

Bertone (Corvette ZR1 base) · 2009

A one-off coupé built on the chassis of a Chevrolet Corvette ZR1.

Bugatti 16C Galibier

Bugatti · 2009

A four-door Bugatti saloon study that was never produced.

Infiniti Essence

Infiniti (Nissan) · 2009

A hybrid grand tourer for Infiniti's 20th anniversary.

Citroën Survolt

Citroën · 2010

A small electric two-seat sports car study.

Jaguar C-X75

Jaguar · 2010

First shown with micro gas-turbine range extenders. Stunt versions later appeared in the Bond film Spectre.

Peugeot EX1

Peugeot · 2010

An electric speedster that set records for electric cars, including at the Nürburgring.

Renault DeZir

Renault · 2010

An electric coupé that launched Renault's new design language under Laurens van den Acker.

Cadillac Ciel

Cadillac (General Motors) · 2011

A four-door convertible with rear-hinged back doors, shown at Pebble Beach.

Mercedes-Benz F125

Mercedes-Benz · 2011

A hydrogen fuel-cell saloon study for Mercedes-Benz's 125th anniversary.

Saab PhoeniX

Saab · 2011

Saab's last concept car before the company went bankrupt.

Peugeot Onyx

Peugeot · 2012

A hybrid supercar with hand-shaped copper panels and an interior made from felt and pressed newspaper.

Cadillac Elmiraj

Cadillac (General Motors) · 2013

A large two-door coupé shown at Pebble Beach.

Lamborghini Egoista

Lamborghini · 2013

A single-seater built for Lamborghini's 50th anniversary, with a cockpit inspired by an attack helicopter.

Nissan IDx

Nissan · 2013

Its design was worked out together with young, digital-native drivers.

Lamborghini Asterion

Lamborghini · 2014

Lamborghini's first plug-in hybrid study, with a V10 and three electric motors.

Mazda RX-Vision

Mazda · 2015

A front-mid-engined rotary sports car study shown in Tokyo.

Buick Avista

Buick (General Motors) · 2016

A twin-turbo V6 coupé shown in Detroit in 2016.

Cadillac Escala

Cadillac (General Motors) · 2016

A long four-door fastback with curved OLED screens inside.

Renault Trezor

Renault · 2016

An electric GT whose whole roof and doors open forward in one piece.

Lamborghini Terzo Millennio

Lamborghini / MIT · 2017

An electric study with MIT where the carbon body itself would store energy.

No cars match your search.

Spoiler warning: these are the answers for One Shot Prototype. Drag a photo to see the test mule turn into the real car.

BMW X5 (E53)

BMW · 1999

BMW's first SUV, which it called a Sports Activity Vehicle, developed while BMW owned Land Rover.

Aston Martin DBX

Aston Martin · 2020

Aston Martin's first SUV, built in a new factory in St Athan, Wales.

Chevrolet Corvette (C8)

Chevrolet · 2020

The first mid-engined production Corvette.

Ferrari Enzo

Ferrari · 2002

Named after the company's founder; early test mules wore modified Ferrari 348 bodies.

Land Rover Freelander

Land Rover · 1997

Land Rover's first monocoque model, and for years Europe's best-selling 4x4.

Rolls-Royce Cullinan

Rolls-Royce · 2018

Rolls-Royce's first SUV, named after the largest gem-quality diamond ever found.

Jaguar XJ220

Jaguar · 1992

Parts of its drivetrain were tested hidden inside a Ford Transit van.

Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren

Mercedes-Benz / McLaren · 2003

Built by McLaren in Woking, with a front-mid V8 and side-exit exhausts.

Nissan GT-R (R35)

Nissan · 2007

Early test mules wore Infiniti G35 (Skyline V35) coupe bodies.

No test mules match your search.

Brand owned Brand stake / joint venture Brand formerly owned
Geely Holding Group

China · founded 1986
Bought Volvo Cars from Ford in 2010.

Brands
GeelyGeely GalaxyVolvo CarsPolestarLotusLynk & CoZeekrLEVC (London taxis)RadarFarizon (vans)
Stakes & partners
smart (50/50 with Mercedes-Benz)Proton (49.9%)Aston Martin (≈17%)Renault Korea (≈34%)Horse Powertrain (Engine JV with Renault)
SAIC Motor

China · founded 1955
Owns MG since buying it via Nanjing Automobile in 2007.

Brands
MGRoeweMaxusIM MotorsRising Auto
Stakes & partners
SAIC Volkswagen (Joint venture)SAIC-GM / SAIC-GM-Wuling (Joint ventures (Wuling, Baojun))
Formerly
SsangYong
BYD

China · founded 1995
Started as a battery maker.

Brands
BYDDenzaFangchengbaoYangwang
Chery Automobile

China · founded 1997

Brands
CheryOmodaJaecooExeedJetouriCARLuxeed (with Huawei)
Stakes & partners
Chery Jaguar Land Rover (Joint venture with JLR)
Great Wall Motor

China · founded 1984

Brands
HavalGreat Wall (pickups)WeyTankOra
Changan Automobile

China · founded 1862
Began as a state arsenal in 1862.

Brands
ChanganDeepalAvatr (with Huawei and CATL)Kaicene
Stakes & partners
Changan Ford (Joint venture)Changan Mazda (Joint venture)
GAC Group

China · founded 1997

Brands
GAC (Trumpchi)AionHyptec
Stakes & partners
GAC Toyota (Joint venture)GAC Honda (Joint venture)
Formerly
GAC Fiat Chrysler
Dongfeng Motor

China · founded 1969

Brands
DongfengVoyahForthingM-Hero
Stakes & partners
Dongfeng Nissan (Joint venture)Dongfeng Honda (Joint venture)
Formerly
Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën
FAW Group

China · founded 1953

Brands
HongqiBestuneJiefang (trucks)
Stakes & partners
FAW-Volkswagen (Joint venture)FAW Toyota (Joint venture)
BAIC Group

China · founded 1958

Brands
BAICArcfoxBeijing (off-roaders)Stelato (with Huawei)
Stakes & partners
Beijing Benz (Joint venture with Mercedes-Benz)Beijing Hyundai (Joint venture)Mercedes-Benz Group (≈10% shareholder)
NIO

China · founded 2014

Brands
NIOOnvoFirefly
Xpeng

China · founded 2014
Volkswagen holds about 5%.

Brands
XpengMona
Li Auto

China · founded 2015

Brands
Li Auto
Leapmotor

China · founded 2015
Stellantis holds about 21%.

Brands
Leapmotor
Stakes & partners
Leapmotor International (JV with Stellantis)
Seres Group

China · founded 1986

Brands
SeresAITO (with Huawei)
Formerly
Sokon
Xiaomi

China · founded 2010
The phone maker started selling cars with the SU7 in 2024.

Brands
Xiaomi (cars since 2024)
Rimac Group

Croatia · founded 2009
Hyundai Motor Group and Porsche are among its shareholders.

Brands
RimacRimac Technology
Stakes & partners
Bugatti Rimac (55%, Porsche holds 45%)
Renault Group

France · founded 1899

Brands
RenaultDaciaAlpineMobilize
Stakes & partners
Nissan (Alliance cross-shareholding (reduced))Renault Korea (Majority owner (Geely ≈34%))Horse Powertrain (Engine JV with Geely)
Formerly
Lada (AvtoVAZ)Samsung Motors name
Volkswagen Group

Germany · founded 1937

Brands
VolkswagenAudiŠkodaSEATCupraPorscheLamborghiniBentleyDucati (motorcycles)Scout Motors
Stakes & partners
Bugatti (Bugatti Rimac JV, Porsche holds 45%)Rimac Group (Porsche minority stake)Rivian (Software joint venture)Xpeng (≈5% stake)SAIC Volkswagen / FAW-Volkswagen (Chinese joint ventures)
Formerly
Bugatti (full ownership)Auto Union / DKW
BMW Group

Germany · founded 1916

Brands
BMWBMW MMiniRolls-RoyceBMW Motorrad
Stakes & partners
BMW Brilliance (Chinese joint venture (majority))
Formerly
Rover GroupGlas
Mercedes-Benz Group

Germany · founded 1926
BAIC and Geely founder Li Shufu each hold roughly 10% of the group.

Brands
Mercedes-BenzMercedes-AMGMercedes-MaybachMercedes-EQ
Stakes & partners
smart (50/50 with Geely)Beijing Benz (Joint venture with BAIC)Aston Martin (Small stake, technology partner)
Formerly
ChryslerMitsubishi MotorsDaimler Truck
Tata Motors

India · founded 1945
Bought Jaguar Land Rover from Ford in 2008.

Brands
TataTata.evJaguarLand RoverRange RoverDefenderDiscovery
Stakes & partners
Chery Jaguar Land Rover (Chinese joint venture)
Formerly
Tata Daewoo
Mahindra & Mahindra

India · founded 1945

Brands
MahindraAutomobili PininfarinaPininfarina (design house)
Formerly
SsangYong
Iran Khodro (IKCO)

Iran · founded 1962

Brands
IKCOSamandDena
Formerly
Paykan
SAIPA

Iran · founded 1966

Brands
SAIPAPars Khodro
Ferrari N.V.

Italy · founded 1947
Largest shareholder: Exor (the Agnelli family holding).

Brands
Ferrari
Formerly
Fiat / FCA ownership
Pagani Automobili

Italy · founded 1992
Independent, founded by Horacio Pagani.

Brands
Pagani
Toyota Motor Corporation

Japan · founded 1937

Brands
ToyotaLexusToyota Gazoo Racing (GR)DaihatsuHino (trucks)
Stakes & partners
Subaru (≈20%)Mazda (≈5%)Suzuki (≈5%)Isuzu (≈5%)Perodua (Through Daihatsu)GAC Toyota / FAW Toyota (Chinese joint ventures)
Formerly
Scion
Honda

Japan · founded 1948

Brands
HondaAcura
Stakes & partners
Sony Honda Mobility (Afeela) (50/50 with Sony)GAC Honda / Dongfeng Honda (Chinese joint ventures)
Nissan

Japan · founded 1933

Brands
NissanInfinitiNismo
Stakes & partners
Mitsubishi Motors (Largest shareholder)Renault (Alliance cross-shareholding)Dongfeng Nissan (Chinese joint venture)
Formerly
DatsunPrince Motor Company
Mazda

Japan · founded 1920
Toyota holds about 5%.

Brands
Mazda
Stakes & partners
Changan Mazda (Chinese joint venture)
Formerly
Eunos / ɛ̃fini / AutozamFord (shareholder)
Subaru Corporation

Japan · founded 1953
Toyota holds about 20%.

Brands
Subaru
Formerly
Fuji Heavy IndustriesGM (shareholder)
Suzuki Motor Corporation

Japan · founded 1909
Toyota holds about 5%.

Brands
SuzukiMaruti Suzuki (India)
Stakes & partners
Maruti Suzuki (≈58%, India's largest car maker)
Formerly
GM (shareholder)Volkswagen (shareholder)
Mitsubishi Motors

Japan · founded 1970
Nissan is the largest shareholder.

Brands
MitsubishiRalliart
Formerly
DaimlerChrysler (shareholder)
Isuzu

Japan · founded 1916
Toyota holds about 5%.

Brands
Isuzu (pickups and trucks)
Formerly
GM (shareholder)Passenger cars
Mitsuoka

Japan · founded 1968
Small independent maker of retro-styled cars.

Brands
Mitsuoka
Proton

Malaysia · founded 1983
Owned by DRB-Hicom (50.1%) and Geely (49.9%).

Brands
Proton
Formerly
Lotus
Perodua

Malaysia · founded 1993
Malaysian shareholders with Daihatsu (Toyota); most models are based on Daihatsus.

Brands
Perodua
Stellantis

Netherlands · founded 2021
Formed in 2021 by the merger of PSA Group (Peugeot, Citroën) and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Headquarters: Amsterdam.

Brands
AbarthAlfa RomeoChryslerCitroënDodgeDS AutomobilesFiatJeepLanciaMaseratiOpelPeugeotRamVauxhall
Stakes & partners
Leapmotor (≈21% + Leapmotor International JV)
Formerly
FerrariSimca / TalbotPlymouthDeSotoEagleInnocenti
AvtoVAZ

Russia · founded 1966
State-controlled since 2022; builds Lada cars in Tolyatti.

Brands
Lada
Formerly
Renault Group
Sollers

Russia · founded 2002

Brands
UAZSollers
Formerly
Ford Sollers
GAZ Group

Russia · founded 1932

Brands
GAZ (vans and trucks)
Formerly
Volga
Hyundai Motor Group

South Korea · founded 1967
Hyundai bought Kia in 1998.

Brands
HyundaiKiaGenesisHyundai N
Stakes & partners
Rimac Group (Minority stake)Beijing Hyundai (Chinese joint venture)
Formerly
Asia Motors
KG Mobility

South Korea · founded 1954
Owned by KG Group since 2022.

Brands
KGM (formerly SsangYong)
Formerly
SsangYong nameMahindra ownershipSAIC ownership
Koenigsegg

Sweden · founded 1994
Independent, founded by Christian von Koenigsegg.

Brands
Koenigsegg
Togg

Turkey · founded 2018
Turkey's electric car maker, owned by a consortium of Turkish companies (Anadolu Group, BMC, Kıraça, Turkcell, Zorlu) and TOBB.

Brands
Togg
General Motors

USA · founded 1908

Brands
ChevroletGMCCadillacBuickBrightDrop
Stakes & partners
GM Korea (Majority owned, builds Chevrolets)SAIC-GM / SAIC-GM-Wuling (Chinese joint ventures (Wuling, Baojun))
Formerly
PontiacOldsmobileSaturnHummerSaabOpel / VauxhallHoldenDaewooLaSalleGeo
Ford Motor Company

USA · founded 1903

Brands
FordLincolnFord Performance
Stakes & partners
Changan Ford (Chinese joint venture)Ford Otosan (Turkish joint venture with Koç)
Formerly
MercuryEdselVolvo CarsJaguarLand RoverAston MartinMazda (stake)
Tesla

USA · founded 2003

Brands
Tesla
Rivian

USA · founded 2009

Brands
Rivian
Stakes & partners
Volkswagen (Software joint venture)
Lucid Group

USA · founded 2007
Majority owned by Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund.

Brands
Lucid
Aston Martin Lagonda

United Kingdom · founded 1913
Largest shareholder: Lawrence Stroll's Yew Tree consortium; Geely holds ≈17%.

Brands
Aston MartinLagonda
Formerly
Ford ownership
McLaren Automotive

United Kingdom · founded 1985
Owned by Abu Dhabi's CYVN Holdings since 2025.

Brands
McLaren
Formerly
Mumtalakat (Bahrain)
Morgan Motor Company

United Kingdom · founded 1910
Majority owned by Investindustrial (Italy) since 2019.

Brands
Morgan
Formerly
Morgan family ownership
Caterham Cars

United Kingdom · founded 1973
Owned by VT Holdings (Japan) since 2021; builds the Seven, originally a Lotus design.

Brands
Caterham
UzAuto Motors

Uzbekistan · founded 1992
State-owned; builds Chevrolets for Central Asia.

Brands
UzAuto (Chevrolet models under licence)
Formerly
UzDaewoo / GM Uzbekistan
VinFast

Vietnam · founded 2017
Part of Vingroup, Vietnam's largest private company.

Brands
VinFast

No group found for that brand or country.

Simplified to passenger-car brands. Shareholdings change often; hover a chip for details.